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The resulting acids dissolve the oxide film on the surface of the aluminum, which then begins to react with iodine. The reaction is initiated by adding a few drops of water, in which iodine partially dissolves to form hydroiodic acid (HI) and hypoiodous acid (HIO). It reacts vigorously with aluminum (Al) to form aluminum iodide (AlI₃).
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Iodine is a relatively active nonmetal. Meanwhile, the resulting molecular iodine reacts with the remainder of potassium iodide to form potassium triiodide, which tints the solution a reddish-brown color: Iodine can be created in a laboratory by mixing solutions of potassium iodide (KI), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and citric acid (C₆H₈O₇):ĦKI + 3H₂O₂ + 2C₆H₈O₇ → 3I₂↓ + 2K₃C₆H₅O₇ + 6H₂O They gave the new substance the now-familiar name of “iodine,” which means “purple” in Greek. A few years later, independently of one another, Humphry Davy and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac proved that the gas Courtois discovered was in fact a new chemical element. A purple gas appeared, which condensed as purple crystals – iodine! However, Courtois didn’t pursue any study of this unfamiliar gas. In 1811, Bernard Courtois accidentally used a higher concentration of sulfuric acid than usual while obtaining potassium nitrate from seaweed ash. In addition to subliming, iodine dissolves easily in the fats in sweat traces and, as it gets “stuck” in these fats, reveals any fingerprints. This characteristic is widely applied both to purify iodine and to reveal fingerprints in criminal analysis. Iodine is one of the few simple substances capable of sublimating (passing straight from solid to gaseous form) under normal circumstances. Iodine and its compounds are relatively rare – iodine is only the 61st most common substance in the earth’s crust. It dissolves easily in organic solvents such as ethanol. Iodine (I₂) is a hard, lustrous, purplish-grey nonmetal that sublimes easily to form a purple gas.